cargoes
知识点：《cargoes》 收集：权姨追 编辑：月季姐姐
本知识点包括：1、cargo和goods有什么区别? 2、back off与back up 与back down的区别? 3、以o结尾变复数 4、求篇函电翻译 5、中译英，帮我翻译一下， 。
cargo ['kɑ:gəu]
n.船货,货物
词形变化:
名词复数:cargoes
例句与用法:
How long will the discharge of the cargo take?
卸货需要多久?
This port handles 100 million tons of cargo each year.
这个港口每年货物吞吐量达1亿吨.
The tide had washed up cargo from the wrecked ship.
潮水把遇难船上的货物冲到了岸边.
The captured ship and her cargo were condemned.
这艘被俘获的船及其货物均被没收.
The custom impound the whole cargo.
海关扣押了全部的船货.
A cargo of steel was lost at sea.
有一货轮的钢材在海上遗失了.
The ship is discharging the cargo.
船正在卸货.
cargoes
能做可数名词也能做不可数名词,复数通常加 es ,但是美国英语 通常加s .
1.The plural of roof is roofs or rooves."Rooves" is an older form of the word and rarely used these days.Australian children right up to the 1980s,for example,were brought up with the word "rooves" rather than roofs,and it is still an accepted form in Australia today (though uncommon).Also,despite New Zealand English developing from UK English,it should be noted that in NZ,the plural of roof is rooves,in both its written and spoken form.
2.The accepted plural is "roofs".The Oxford English Dictionary lists "rooves" as an alternate,one of several outdated spellings used in the UK,and in New England as late as the 19th century.
语法规则如4楼所言,不再重复.但根据上面的资料看,也就是说,两种拼写在英语里都可以,只是roofs现在更常见,rooves老外也能明白,属于过时的拼法.考试时应该不会真考这种有争议的题.练习还可以接受.
PS：老师也是人,而且语言是很灵活的东西.看得出你是个学习较真儿的人,但向老师指正时态度应委婉些为好.
名词的词形变化
1.不规则复数形式
1）来自古英语的复数形式,如：
child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth goose---geese
man---men woman---women mouse---mice louse---lice
ox---oxen penny---pence analysis---analyses appendix---appendices
parenthesis---parentheses basis---bases ellipsis---ellipses
axis---axes hypothesis---hypotheses oasis---oases crisis----crises
criterion---criteria phenomenon---phenomena datum---data medium---media
bacterium---bacteria nucleus---nuclei fungus---fungi stimulus---stimuli
alumnus---alumni focus---foci radius---radii terminus---termini
larva---larvae alga---algae formula---formulae
＃当代美国英语中往往把data当做单数用,因此常见到复数形式datas.另外,lens是一个单数可数名词,其复数形式为lenses.
1）词尾读音为[f]并以－f或0－fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况：
a）规则形式：
belief---beliefs chief----chiefs cliff----cliffs grief----griefs
b）不规则形式,即把－f或－fe变成－v,再加－es,读音为[vz]:
calf---calves half---halves leaf----leaves life----lives
loaf---loaves self---shelves thief---thieves wife---wives
wolf---wolves
c）既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式：
dwarf---dwarfs/dwarves hoof---hoofs/hoves
scarf---scarfs/scarves wharf---wharfs/wharves
3）词干以－o结尾的名次有三种情况：
a）附属形式为－s：这类词包括缩略词kilos,photos；表示国籍或民族的词Filipinos,Eskimos以及radios,solos,sopranos,
studios
b）复数形式为－es,如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes.
c）复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式,如：
cargo---cargos/cargoes mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes volcano---volacbos/volcanoes
2.单复数同形的名词
1）某些动物名词,如：deer,grouse,salmon,trout,carp,bison,sheep等
2）以－ese或－ss结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词,如：Chinses,Japanese,Portuguese,Swiss,Vietnamese等
3）某些以－s结尾的名词,如：barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works等
4）某些表示计量单位的名词,如：horsepower,hertz,kilohertz,li,mu等
其他一些名词,如：aircraft,spacercarft,craft,offspring等.其中请特别注意－s结尾的单复数同形的名词,它们是考试的重点!
3.不可数名词
不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词,永远不能加不定冠词!
例如下列用法均属错误：
the mathematics the banking a cloth an equipment
不可数名词作主语,谓语要用单数形式.
如：Water is important.
但如果不可数名词前面被piece,drop,set等词修饰时,谓语应该与piece,drop,set等的单复数形式保持一致
例如：Few drops of water are needed to save the flower.
下面是典型的不可数名词,是应该熟记的!
air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,
lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,
garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,
glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wi
sdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,
intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,
mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,
genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics,
obsterics
请特别注意其中以－s结尾的不可数名词,大家平时应该积累遇到的不可数名词
!注意下列可数名词!
poet poem essay newspaper machine weapon scene photograph photographer
英语中有许多名词既可作可数,又可作不可数.如:hair作“人或动物的毛”的时候是可数名词,作头发解释时是不可数名词.判断一个词是否可数,除了记忆以外, 主要看题中该名词的修饰词来决定.如：much只能修饰不可数名词
4.单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词
英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式,如：
air(空气)---air(气派) arm(手臂)---arms(武器) ash(灰)---ashes(骨灰；废墟)
authority(权利)---authorities(当局) cloth(织物)---clothes(衣服) content(含量)---contents(目录)
custom(习惯)---customs(海关；关税) damage(损害)---damages(赔偿金) force(力量)---forces(武装部队)
glass(玻璃)---glasses(眼镜) good(利益)---goods(货物) green(绿色)---greens(青菜)
letter(字母)---letters(文学) manner(方式)---manners(举止,仪态) minute(分钟)---minutes(记录)
pain(痛苦)---pains(劳苦) papaer(纸)---papers(文件) quarter(1/4)---quarter(宿舍)
spectacle(光景)---spectacles(眼镜) spirit(精神)--- spirits(烈性酒) time(时间)---times(时代)
water(水)---waters(水域) wood(木头)---woods(森林) work(工作)---works(工厂)
总结
1.单数名词不能单独存在,一般前面应该有限定词修饰.
2.不定冠词a/an永远只能修饰单数可数名词.
3.every和each永远只能修饰单数可数名词.
但every+数词+复数名词是正确的,如：every ten years
4.序数词后面一般使用单数可数名词.
5.anther永远只修饰单数可数名词
但another+数词/few+复数名词是正确的,如：another eight years;another few books
6.other通常修饰复数名词,也可修饰不可数名词.
但the other+is/was 单数名词或any other+单数名词是正确的,如
We have two girls in this team.One is Mary,the other is Alice.
Henry Smith is taller than any other student in his class.
7.下列词和短语只能修饰复数名词
these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a few,both,a (good/large/great) number of,numbers of,one of
8.大于1的词数只能修饰复数名词
!牢记的结构：one/two/many+of+限定词+复数名词!
9.只能修饰单数可数名词的词：
one,anther,a/an,this,that,each,every,either,such a,many a
!注意!many student以及many a student
10.只能修饰复数可数名词的词：
>1的数字（two,six.),hundred,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a few,these,those,a (good/large/great) number of
numbers of,the numberof,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a collevtion of
11.只修饰不可数名词的词：
much,little,a litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of,an article of
12.既可修饰不可数又能修饰可数的词：
all (of) a lot of some (of) lots of any (of)
plenty of most (of) half (of) a wealth of (a) part of
enough (of) the rest of other one third of such
no a variety of
fingers
vt.伸出；用手指拨弄
vi.用指触摸；拨弄
TV是“电视”没有复数形式 .电视机是TV set,复数形式是TV sets.
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提示：以O结尾的词,许多加es构成复数,特别是一些常用词如:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,echoes,tornadoes,torpedoes,dominoes,vetoes,mosquitoes,Negroes,mangoes,...
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