英美概况
知识点：《英美概况》 收集：宰蹦芳 编辑：杜鹃花妹子
本知识点包括：1、跪求英美概况的英国概况。。从经济，政治，文化，... 2、英美概况新增订本中文版翻译 河南人民大学出版的 ... 3、英美概况的英文怎么说 4、在英美概况你学到了什么？英语作文 5、英美概况中文译文~ 。
1.
Norman Conquest
The conquest of England by the Normans under William the Conqueror beginning in 1066.
诺曼征服：始于1066年由征服者威廉领导的诺曼人对英格兰的征服
2.
Magna Carta
(1).
The charter of English political and civil liberties granted by King John at Runnymede in June 1215.
大宪章：1215年6月英国国王约翰在拉尼米德签署的保障公民政治和自由权的宪章
(2).A document or piece of legislation that serves as a guarantee of basic rights.
基本法：保障基本权利的文件或者法律
3.
Pilgrim Fathers
(英国1620年前到达北美洲的)清教徒前辈移民
Pilgrim One of the English Separatists who founded the colony of Plymouth in New England in 1620.
Pilgrim 清教徒前辈移民：1620年,在新英格兰建立普利茅斯殖民地的英国主张脱离国教者
4.
the Great Depression
大萧条（时期）
The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S.history,and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world.The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade.
1.
King John's reign caused much discontent among the barons.In 1215,he was forced to sign a document,known as Mangna Carta,or the Great Charter.It has 63 clauses.Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberities,its spirit was the limitation of the king's powers,keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.
Only the ill-informed can now regard the Great Charter as important because it originally converted into a limited monarchy one which had hitherto been arbitrary and oppressive. Medieval conditions made despotism undesired in theory and impossible in practice in all but a very few exceptional areas (of which certain city states of late medieval Italy were the most important).1 The popular law of the Dark Ages knew nothing of absolute rule nor did the Church countenance it at this time. The ceremony of coronation, if it increased the prestige of kingship, also made allegiance to the ruler conditional on promises of good government therein given. These premisses, inevitably short and general, might well seem inadequate when a ruler arose who violated the spirit of compromise that inspired them. Such a one was William Rufus, whose arbitrary and violent conduct may have led to his own sudden death and certainly inspired a discontent which his successor, Henry I, found it desirable to placate by the issue of a special Charter of Liberties. This Charter, significantly, was an amplified version of the premises contained in the coronation oath, and, equally significantly, provided the basis of the Great Charter, when in a much more difficult and complex age there arose another King as unregulated as Rufus. What was new, therefore, about the Great charter was certainly not the theory which lay behind it, but the very elaborate and forthright way in which that theory was given concrete form. For roughly two centuries it became the authoritative expression of the rights of the community against the Crown. As such it was seldom far from men's minds and royal confirmation of it was demanded and secured repeatedly. By the early fifteenth century many of its provisions had inevitably become antiquated and the mighty problems of the sixteenth century led men to regard royal authority as much more of a blessing than a curse; under such conditions the Great Charter was of little significance. The famous constitutional struggles of Stuart times saw the beginning of what has been termed "the myth of Magna Carta," when the Charter was re-discovered and rapturously acclaimed as "the most majestic instrument and sacrosanct anchor of English liberties" (Spelman). It is this conception which it falls to the modern historian
to re-assess.
2.
The federal government of the United States is the central government entity established by the United States Constitution, which shares sovereignty over the United States with the governments of the individual U.S. states. The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.[1] The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which, per the Tenth Amendment, states that all powers not expressly assigned to the federal government are reserved to the states or to the people.
Hamilton Four Plans?Hamilton's four point plan(this is what I found on the web.)
汉密尔顿的四项经济计划
A chartered company “ is an association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade,exploration and colonization." 即中文中”特许权公司“
1--澜沧江-湄公河是东亚最重要的一条国际河流,在中国境内称澜沧江,境外称湄公河,流经中国、缅甸、老挝、泰国、柬埔寨、越南等六个国家,从越南胡志明市附近注入南中国海,全长4880公里,总流域面积81万平方公里.流域沿途有着不同异国风情,风光迷人,美不胜收.
2--澜沧江—湄公河次区域（以下简称“次区域”）是指以澜沧江—湄公河为纽带,由柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、泰国、越南等五个国家和中国云南省共同组成的地域范围,其总面积233.11万km2,总人口约2.55亿人.次区域周边与印度、孟加拉、马来西亚等国接壤,柬埔寨、泰国、越南濒太平洋,缅甸濒印度洋
3--大湄公河次区域(缩写 GMS )是指湄公河流域的6个国家和地区,包括柬埔寨、越南、老挝、缅甸、泰国和我国云南省.该区域总面积256.86万平方公里,总人口约3.2亿.域内蕴藏着丰富的水资源、生物资源、矿产资源,具有极大的经济潜能和开发前景.
1the House of Commons
The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords (the upper house). Both Commons and Lords meet in the Palace of Westminster. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members, who are known as "Members of Parliament" (MPs). Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system by electoral districts known as constituencies. They hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of five years after the preceding election).
A House of Commons of England evolved at some point in England during the 14th century and, in practice, has been in continuous existence since, becoming the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland, and also, during the nineteenth century, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the political union with Ireland. The House of Commons was originally far less powerful than the House of Lords, but today its legislative powers exceed those of the Lords. Under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords' power to reject most legislative bills was reduced to a delaying power. Moreover, the Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons; the Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains its support. Almost all government ministers are drawn from the House of Commons and, with one brief exception, all Prime Ministers since 1902.
The full, formal style and title of the House of Commons is The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled.
2 English feudal system
Feudalism is a decentralized sociopolitical structure in which a weak monarchy attempts to control the lands of the realm through reciprocal agreements with regional leaders.
The word feudalism was not a medieval term but an invention of 16th century French and English lawyers to describe certain traditional obligations between members of the warrior aristocracy.
Three primary elements characterized feudalism: lords, vassals, and fiefs; the group of feudalism can be seen in how these three elements fit together. A lord granted land (a fief) to his vassals. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism.
3The U.S. two-party system
A two-party system is a form of party system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections, at every level. As a result, all, or nearly all, elected offices end up being held by candidates endorsed by one of the two major parties. Coalition governments occur only rarely in two-party systems.
Under, a two-party system, one of the two parties typically holds a plurality in the legislature (or a legislative house in a bicameral system), and is referred to as the majority party. The smaller party is referred to as the minority party. Two-party systems are most common in polities with plurality vote counting system ("first past the post") to prevent the problem of two similar candidates "splitting" the same voters.
Notable examples of countries with two-party systems include the United States and Jamaica. Though these countries are often thought of as being two-party states, other parties may have small but significant bases of support and have seen candidates elected to local or subnational office.
Generally, a two-party system becomes a dichotomous division of the political spectrum with an ostensibly right-wing and left-wing party: Tories vs. Labour in some Commonwealth countries, Republicans vs. Democrats in the United States, and so on.
提示： 国名 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland）。 面积 24.41万平方公里（包括内陆水域）。英格兰地区13.04万平方公里,苏格兰7.88万平方公里,威尔士2.08万平方公里,北爱尔兰1.41万平方公里。 ...
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提示：Survey of Britain and America 词典释义 Survey of Britain and America Background of Britain and America American Culture and Society
提示：I think English vocabulary many meanings are relativelystraightforward, many English stories and then can know about the meaning, but I think the Chinese have a comparative advantage in this regard, many Englishbooks translated...
提示：这个是陈治刚的。作 者：陈治刚编著 出 版 社：上海外语教育出版社 出版时间： 2004-1-1 字 数： 267000 版 次： 1 页 数： 331 印刷时间： 2004-1-1 定价：12.0元 目录 第一编 英国概况 第一章 综述 一、自然地理 二、自然资源 三、主要城市 第...